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<title>Oneida Community</title>

Oneida Community

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the religious settlement in New York. For other uses, see <a href="Oneida_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Oneida (disambiguation)">Oneida (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #AE1719; border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#AE1719!important; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">Socialism in the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AE1719; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<dl><dt><a href="Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Bishop_Hill%2C_Illinois#History" title="Bishop Hill, Illinois">Bishop Hill Commune</a></li>

<li><a href="Brook_Farm" title="Brook Farm">Brook Farm</a></li>

<li><a href="Icarians" title="Icarians">Icarians</a></li>

<li><a href="Jonestown" title="Jonestown">Jonestown</a></li>

<li><a href="Looking_Backward" title="Looking Backward">Looking Backward</a></li>

<li><a href="New_Harmony%2C_Indiana" title="New Harmony, Indiana">New Harmony</a></li>

</ul>

<dl><dt><a href="Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="1877_St._Louis_general_strike" title="1877 St. Louis general strike">1877 St. Louis general strike</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_socialism_in_Utah" title="Christian socialism in Utah">Christian socialism in Utah</a></li>

<li><a href="1912_Lawrence_textile_strike" title="1912 Lawrence textile strike">1912 Lawrence textile strike</a></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Worker_Movement" title="Catholic Worker Movement">Catholic Worker Movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Green_Corn_Rebellion" title="Green Corn Rebellion">Green Corn Rebellion</a></li>

<li><a href="Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor unionization</a></li>

<li><a href="Haymarket_affair" title="Haymarket affair">Haymarket affair</a></li>

<li><a href="Women's_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt><a href="Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="American_Defense_Society" title="American Defense Society">American Defense Society</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Protective_League" title="American Protective League">American Protective League</a></li>

<li><a href="Communist_Party_USA_and_African_Americans" title="Communist Party USA and African Americans">Communist Party USA and African Americans</a></li>

<li><a href="Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a> in the <a href="Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">labor movement</a>

<li><a href="Espionage_Act_of_1917" title="Espionage Act of 1917">Espionage Act of 1917</a></li>

<li><a href="First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">John Birch Society</a></li>

<li><a href="McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li>

<li><a href="Seattle_General_Strike" title="Seattle General Strike">Seattle General Strike</a></li>

<li><a href="Smith_Act" title="Smith Act">Smith Act</a>

<ul><li><a href="Smith_Act_trials_of_Communist_Party_leaders" title="Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders">Smith Act trials</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<dl><dt><a href="Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">Anti-war</a> and <a href="Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a> movements</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Black power movement</a></li>

<li><a href="COINTELPRO" title="COINTELPRO">COINTELPRO</a></li>

<li>"<a href="I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">I Have a Dream</a>"</li>

<li><a href="March_on_Washington" title="March on Washington">March on Washington</a></li>

<li><a href="Poor_People's_Campaign" title="Poor People's Campaign">Poor People's Campaign</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Contemporary</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="1999_Seattle_WTO_protests" title="1999 Seattle WTO protests">1999 Seattle WTO protests</a></li>

<li><a href="2008_financial_crisis" title="2008 financial crisis">2008 financial crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AE1719; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Ashanti_Alston" title="Ashanti Alston">Alston</a></li>

<li><a href="Kuwasi_Balagoon" title="Kuwasi Balagoon">Balagoon</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexander_Berkman" title="Alexander Berkman">Berkman</a></li>

<li><a href="Clarissa_Dixon" title="Clarissa Dixon">Dixon</a></li>

<li><a href="Barbara_Ehrenreich" title="Barbara Ehrenreich">Ehrenreich</a></li>

<li><a href="Lorenzo_Kom'boa_Ervin" title="Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin">Ervin</a></li>

<li><a href="Elizabeth_Gurley_Flynn" title="Elizabeth Gurley Flynn">Flynn</a></li>

<li><a href="Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Goldman</a></li>

<li><a href="Laura_Jane_Grace" title="Laura Jane Grace">Grace</a></li>

<li><a href="Woody_Guthrie" title="Woody Guthrie">Guthrie</a></li>

<li><a href="Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Hampton</a></li>

<li><a href="Bill_Haywood" title="Bill Haywood">Haywood (Bill)</a></li>

<li><a href="Harry_Haywood" title="Harry Haywood">Haywood (Harry)</a></li>

<li><a href="Abbie_Hoffman" title="Abbie Hoffman">Hoffman</a></li>

<li><a href="Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Jones</a></li>

<li><a href="Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Keller</a></li>

<li><a href="Jo_Labadie" title="Jo Labadie">Labadie</a></li>

<li><a href="Jay_Lovestone" title="Jay Lovestone">Lovestone</a></li>

<li><a href="Sam_Marcy" title="Sam Marcy">Marcy</a></li>

<li><a href="Charlene_Mitchell" title="Charlene Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li>

<li><a href="Tom_Morello" title="Tom Morello">Morello</a></li>

<li><a href="Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li>

<li><a href="Albert_Parsons" title="Albert Parsons">Parsons (Albert)</a></li>

<li><a href="Lucy_Parsons" title="Lucy Parsons">Parsons (Lucy)</a></li>

<li><a href="Matilda_Robbins" title="Matilda Robbins">Robbins</a></li>

<li><a href="Zack_de_la_Rocha" title="Zack de la Rocha">Rocha</a></li>

<li><a href="Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Rustin</a></li>

<li><a href="Sacco_and_Vanzetti" title="Sacco and Vanzetti">Sacco and Vanzetti</a></li>

<li><a href="Bobby_Seale" title="Bobby Seale">Seale</a></li>

<li><a href="Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Seeger</a></li>

<li><a href="Assata_Shakur" title="Assata Shakur">Shakur</a></li>

<li><a href="Serj_Tankian" title="Serj Tankian">Tankian</a></li>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AE1719; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Michael_Brooks_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Brooks (political commentator)">Brooks</a></li>

<li><a href="Elizabeth_Bruenig" title="Elizabeth Bruenig">Bruenig (Elizabeth)</a></li>

<li><a href="Matt_Bruenig" title="Matt Bruenig">Bruenig (Matt)</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexander_Cockburn" title="Alexander Cockburn">Cockburn</a></li>

<li><a href="Chris_Hedges" title="Chris Hedges">Hedges</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Harrington" title="Michael Harrington">Harrington</a></li>

<li><a href="Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Jameson</a></li>

<li><a href="Ian_Kochinski" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian Kochinski">Kochinski</a></li>

<li><a href="Harry_Magdoff" title="Harry Magdoff">Magdoff</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Moore" title="Michael Moore">Moore</a></li>

<li><a href="Michael_Parenti" title="Michael Parenti">Parenti</a></li>

<li><a href="Hasan_Piker" title="Hasan Piker">Piker</a></li>

<li><a href="Nathan_J._Robinson" title="Nathan J. Robinson">Robinson (Nathan)</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Roediger" title="David Roediger">Roediger</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhaskar_Sunkara" title="Bhaskar Sunkara">Sunkara</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Sweezy" title="Paul Sweezy">Sweezy</a></li>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AE1719; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Michael_Albert" title="Michael Albert">Albert</a></li>

<li><a href="Stephen_Pearl_Andrews" title="Stephen Pearl Andrews">Andrews</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Avrich" title="Paul Avrich">Avrich</a></li>

<li><a href="Edward_Bellamy" title="Edward Bellamy">Bellamy (Edward)</a></li>

<li><a href="Francis_Bellamy" title="Francis Bellamy">Bellamy (Francis)</a></li>

<li><a href="Murray_Bookchin" title="Murray Bookchin">Bookchin</a></li>

<li><a href="Albert_Brisbane" title="Albert Brisbane">Brisbane</a></li>

<li><a href="Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li>

<li><a href="%C3%89tienne_Cabet" title="Étienne Cabet">Cabet</a></li>

<li><a href="James_P._Cannon" title="James P. Cannon">Cannon</a></li>

<li><a href="Dan_Cantor" title="Dan Cantor">Cantor</a></li>

<li><a href="Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Carmichael</a></li>

<li><a href="Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_H._Clark" title="Peter H. Clark">Clark</a></li>

<li><a href="Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Davis (Angela)</a></li>

<li><a href="Mike_Davis_(scholar)" title="Mike Davis (scholar)">Davis (Mike)</a></li>

<li><a href="Eugene_Dennis" title="Eugene Dennis">Dennis</a></li>

<li><a href="Theodore_Dreiser" title="Theodore Dreiser">Dreiser</a></li>

<li><a href="Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></li>

<li><a href="Kenneth_Fearing" title="Kenneth Fearing">Fearing</a></li>

<li><a href="Leslie_Feinberg" title="Leslie Feinberg">Feinberg</a></li>

<li><a href="John_J._Flemm" title="John J. Flemm">Flemm</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Bellamy_Foster" title="John Bellamy Foster">Foster</a></li>

<li><a href="Ruth_Wilson_Gilmore" title="Ruth Wilson Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Batchelder_Greene" title="William Batchelder Greene">Greene</a></li>

<li><a href="Robin_Hahnel" title="Robin Hahnel">Hahnel</a></li>

<li><a href="Dashiell_Hammett" title="Dashiell Hammett">Hammett</a></li>

<li><a href="Angela_Heywood" title="Angela Heywood">Heywood (Angela)</a></li>

<li><a href="Ezra_Heywood" title="Ezra Heywood">Heywood (Ezra)</a></li>

<li><a href="Morris_Hillquit" title="Morris Hillquit">Hillquit</a></li>

<li><a href="Robin_Kelley" class="mw-redirect" title="Robin Kelley">Kelley</a></li>

<li><a href="Jack_London" title="Jack London">London</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Humphrey_Noyes" title="John Humphrey Noyes">Noyes</a></li>

<li><a href="Frances_Fox_Piven" title="Frances Fox Piven">Piven</a></li>

<li><a href="Adolph_L._Reed_Jr." title="Adolph L. Reed Jr.">Reed (Adolph)</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Ripley_(transcendentalist)" title="George Ripley (transcendentalist)">Ripley</a></li>

<li><a href="Cedric_Robinson" title="Cedric Robinson">Robinson (Cedric)</a></li>

<li><a href="Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker</a></li>

<li><a href="Carl_Sandburg" title="Carl Sandburg">Sandburg</a></li>

<li><a href="Max_Shachtman" title="Max Shachtman">Shachtman</a></li>

<li><a href="Barbara_Smith" title="Barbara Smith">Smith</a></li>

<li><a href="I._F._Stone" title="I. F. Stone">Stone</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_D._Wolff" title="Richard D. Wolff">Wolff</a></li>

<li><a href="Erik_Olin_Wright" title="Erik Olin Wright">Wright</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">Zerzan</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AE1719; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Martin_Abern" title="Martin Abern">Abern</a></li>

<li><a href="Victor_L._Berger" title="Victor L. Berger">Berger</a></li>

<li><a href="Jamaal_Bowman" title="Jamaal Bowman">Bowman</a></li>

<li><a href="Greg_Casar" title="Greg Casar">Casar</a></li>

<li><a href="Ron_Dellums" title="Ron Dellums">Dellums</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Z._Foster" title="William Z. Foster">Foster</a></li>

<li><a href="Benjamin_Gitlow" title="Benjamin Gitlow">Gitlow</a></li>

<li><a href="Howie_Hawkins" title="Howie Hawkins">Hawkins</a></li>

<li><a href="Fiorello_La_Guardia" title="Fiorello La Guardia">La Guardia</a></li>

<li><a href="Zohran_Mamdani" title="Zohran Mamdani">Mamdani</a></li>

<li><a href="David_McReynolds" title="David McReynolds">McReynolds</a></li>

<li><a href="Charlene_Mitchell" title="Charlene Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexandria_Ocasio-Cortez" title="Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez">Ocasio-Cortez</a></li>

<li><a href="Jacob_Panken" title="Jacob Panken">Panken</a></li>

<li><a href="A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">Randolph</a></li>

<li><a href="C._E._Ruthenberg" title="C. E. Ruthenberg">Ruthenberg</a></li>

<li><a href="Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a></li>

<li><a href="Kshama_Sawant" title="Kshama Sawant">Sawant</a></li>

<li><a href="Emil_Seidel" title="Emil Seidel">Seidel</a></li>

<li><a href="Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Thomas</a></li>

<li><a href="Rashida_Tlaib" title="Rashida Tlaib">Tlaib</a></li>

<li><a href="Nina_Turner" title="Nina Turner">Turner</a></li>

<li><a href="Frank_Zeidler" title="Frank Zeidler">Zeidler</a></li></ul></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #AE1719; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">

<dl><dt>Active</dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="American_Communist_Party_(2024)" title="American Communist Party (2024)">American Communist Party</a></li>

<li><a href="Antifa_(United_States)" title="Antifa (United States)">Antifa</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_Riders_Liberation_Party" title="Black Riders Liberation Party">Black Riders Liberation Party</a></li>

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The Oneida Community (/oʊˈnaɪdə/ oh-NYE-də)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> was a <a href="Christian_perfection" title="Christian perfection">perfectionist</a> religious <a href="Communal_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Communal society">communal society</a> founded by <a href="John_Humphrey_Noyes" title="John Humphrey Noyes">John Humphrey Noyes</a> and his followers in 1848 near <a href="Oneida%2C_New_York" title="Oneida, New York">Oneida, New York</a>. The community believed that <a href="Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> had <a href="Hyper-preterism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyper-preterism">already returned in AD 70</a>, making it possible for them to bring about <a href="Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Jesus's millennial kingdom</a> themselves, and be perfect and free of <a href="Sin" title="Sin">sin</a> in this world, not just in <a href="Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a> (a belief called <a href="Christian_perfection" title="Christian perfection">perfectionism</a>). The Oneida Community practiced <a href="Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">communalism</a> (in the sense of communal property and possessions), <a href="Group_marriage" title="Group marriage">group marriage</a>, <a href="Coitus_reservatus" title="Coitus reservatus">male sexual continence</a>, <a href="Oneida_stirpiculture" title="Oneida stirpiculture">Oneida stirpiculture</a> (a form of eugenics), and mutual criticism.

The community's original 87 members grew to 172 by February 1850, 208 by 1852, and 306 by 1878. There were smaller Noyesian communities in <a href="Wallingford%2C_Connecticut" title="Wallingford, Connecticut">Wallingford, Connecticut</a>; <a href="Newark%2C_New_Jersey" title="Newark, New Jersey">Newark, New Jersey</a>; <a href="Putney%2C_Vermont" title="Putney, Vermont">Putney</a> and <a href="Cambridge%2C_Vermont" title="Cambridge, Vermont">Cambridge, Vermont</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChmielewski2001176–178-2">[2]</a> The branches were closed in 1854 except for the Wallingford branch, which operated until the <a href="1878_Wallingford_tornado" title="1878 Wallingford tornado">1878 tornado</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Harper's_Weekly''_v._22_#11311878-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Roslyn_News''1878-4">[4]</a> devastated it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewRoper2014-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Social_Welfare_History_Project''2015-6">[6]</a>

The Oneida Community dissolved in 1881, converting itself to a joint-stock company. This eventually became the <a href="Cutlery" title="Cutlery">silverware</a> company <a href="Oneida_Limited" title="Oneida Limited">Oneida Limited</a>, one of the largest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHays1999-7">[7]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2></div>

Even though the community only reached a maximum population of about 300, it had a complex bureaucracy of 27 standing committees and 48 administrative sections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENordhoff1875[httpshdlhandlenet2027coo1ark13960t3805nf2nurlappend3Bseq311_279]-8">[8]</a>

All community members were expected to work, each according to their abilities. Women tended to do many of the domestic duties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKern1981-9">[9]</a> Although more skilled jobs tended to remain with an individual member (the financial manager, for example, held his post throughout the life of the community), community members rotated through the more unskilled jobs, working in the house, the fields, or the various industries. As Oneida thrived, it also began to hire outsiders to work in these positions. They were a major employer in the area, with approximately 200 employees by 1870.

Secondary industries included manufacturing leather travel bags, weaving <a href="Palm_frond" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm frond">palm frond</a> hats, construction of rustic garden furniture, and tourism. One member, Canadian Sewell Newhouse, invented and patented the Oneida trap, which was popular among trappers at the time. Silverware manufacturing began in 1877, relatively late in the community's life, and still exists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHays1999-7">[7]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complex_marriage">Complex marriage</h3></div>

The Oneida community strongly believed in a system of <a href="Free_love" title="Free love">free love</a> – a term which Noyes is credited with coining – which was known as complex marriage,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster1997-10">[10]</a> where any member was free to have sex with any other who consented.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoehr1979-11">[11]</a> Possessiveness and exclusive relationships were frowned upon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeMaria197883-12">[12]</a>

Noyes developed a distinction between amative and propagative love.

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Complex marriage meant that everyone in the community was married to everyone else. All men and women were expected to have sexual relations and did. The basis for complex marriage was the Pauline passage about there being no marriage in heaven meant that there should be no marriage on earth, but that no marriage did not mean no sex. But sex meant children; not only could the community not afford children in the early years, the women were not enthusiastic about a regime that would have kept them pregnant most of the time. They developed a distinction between amative and propagative love. Propagative love was sex for the purpose of having children; amative love was sex for the purpose of expressing love. The difference was what Noyes called "<a href="Coitus_reservatus" title="Coitus reservatus">male continence</a>", in which the male partner avoided ejaculation. Noyes argued that this practice not only kept them from producing unwanted children but also taught the male considerable self-control. The system worked very well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaeysSargent2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidd_C4DQAAQBAJpgPA218_218]-13">[13]</a></blockquote>

Women over 40 were to act as sexual "mentors" to adolescent boys because these relationships had a minimal chance of conceiving. Furthermore, these women became religious role models for the young men. Likewise, older men often introduced young women to sex. Noyes often used his judgment in determining the partnerships that would form, and he would often encourage relationships between the non-devout and the devout in the community in the hope that the attitudes and behaviors of the devout would influence the attitudes of the non-devout.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoyes1937-14">[14]</a>

In 1993, the community archives were made available to scholars for the first time. Contained within the archives was the journal of Tirzah Miller,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrickFogarty2000-15">[15]</a> Noyes' niece, who wrote extensively about her romantic and sexual relations with other members of Oneida.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChmielewski2001176–178-2">[2]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mutual_criticism">Mutual criticism</h3></div>

Every member of the community was subject to criticism by a committee or the community as a whole during a general meeting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoyesOneida_Community1876-16">[16]</a> The goal was to eliminate undesirable character traits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1935[httpshdlhandlenet2027mdp39015008678768urlappend3Bseq237_215]-17">[17]</a> Various contemporary sources contend that Noyes himself was the subject of criticism, although less often and of probably less severe criticism than the rest of the community. <a href="Charles_Nordhoff_(journalist)" title="Charles Nordhoff (journalist)">Charles Nordhoff</a> said he had witnessed the criticism of a member he referred to as "Charles", writing the following account of the incident:

<blockquote class="templatequote">Charles sat speechless, looking before him; but as the accusations multiplied, his face grew paler, and drops of perspiration began to stand on his forehead. The remarks I have reported took up about half an hour; and now, each one in the circle having spoken, Mr. Noyes summed up. He said that Charles had some serious faults; that he had watched him with some care; and that he thought the young man was earnestly trying to cure himself. He spoke in general praise of his ability, his good character, and of certain temptations he had resisted in the course of his life. He thought he saw signs that Charles was making a real and earnest attempt to conquer his faults; and as one evidence of this, he remarked that Charles had lately come to him to consult him upon a difficult case in which he had had a severe struggle, but had in the end succeeded in doing right. "In the course of what we call stirpiculture", said Noyes, "Charles, as you know, is in the situation of one who is by and by to become a father. Under these circumstances, he has fallen under the too common temptation of selfish love, and a desire to wait upon and cultivate an exclusive intimacy with the woman who was to bear a child through him. This is an insidious temptation, very apt to attack people under such circumstances; but it must nevertheless be struggled against." Charles, he went on to say, had come to him for advice in this case, and he (Noyes) had at first refused to tell him any thing, but had asked him what he thought he ought to do; that after some conversation, Charles had determined, and he agreed with him, that he ought to isolate himself entirely from the woman, and let another man take his place at her side; and this Charles had accordingly done, with a most praiseworthy spirit of selfsacrifice. Charles had indeed still further taken up his cross, as he had noticed with pleasure, by going to sleep with the smaller children, to take charge of them during the night. Taking all this in view, he thought Charles was in a fair way to become a better man, and had manifested a sincere desire to improve, and to rid himself of all selfish faults.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENordhoff1875[httpsarchiveorgstreamcommunisticsoci00nordpage292mode2up_292–293]-18">[18]</a></blockquote>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Male_continence">Male continence</h3></div>

The Oneida community enacted a system of male continence or <a href="Coitus_reservatus" title="Coitus reservatus">coitus reservatus</a> to control reproduction within it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandeen1971-19">[19]</a>&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1895[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-20">[20]</a> John Humphrey Noyes decided that sexual intercourse served two distinct purposes. In Male Continence, Noyes argues that the method simply "proposes the subordination of the flesh to the spirit, teaching men to seek principally the elevated spiritual pleasures of sexual connection".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoyes1872[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWjvC2hNe4uoCpgPA13_13]-21">[21]</a> The primary purpose of male continence was social satisfaction, "to allow the sexes to communicate and express affection for one another".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Wormer2006-22">[22]</a> The second purpose was procreation. Of around two hundred adults using male continence as birth control, there were twelve unplanned births within Oneida between 1848 and 1868,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Wormer2006-22">[22]</a> indicating that it was a highly effective form of birth control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster198618-23">[23]</a> Young men were introduced to male continence by post-menopausal women, and experienced, older males introduced young women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster198618–19-24">[24]</a>

Noyes believed that ejaculation "drained men's vitality and led to disease"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandelker1982742–3-25">[25]</a> and pregnancy and childbirth "levied a heavy tax on the vitality of women".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandelker1982742–3-25">[25]</a> Noyes founded male continence to spare his wife, Harriet, from more difficult childbirths after five traumatizing births of which four led to the death of the child.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster198617-26">[26]</a> They favored this method of male continence over other methods of birth control because they found it to be natural, healthy, and favorable for the development of intimate relationships.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandelker1982743-27">[27]</a> Women found increased sexual satisfaction in the practice, and Oneida is regarded as highly unusual in the value they placed on women's sexual satisfaction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster198619-28">[28]</a> If a male failed, he faced public disapproval or private rejection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandelker1982743-27">[27]</a>

It is unclear whether the practice of male continence led to significant problems. Sociologist Lawrence Foster sees hints in Noyes' letters indicating that masturbation and anti-social withdrawal from community life may have been issues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster198619-28">[28]</a> Oneida's practice of male continence did not lead to <a href="Impotence" class="mw-redirect" title="Impotence">impotence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster198618-23">[23]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stirpiculture">Stirpiculture</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Oneida_stirpiculture" title="Oneida stirpiculture">Oneida stirpiculture</a></div>

Stirpiculture was a proto-<a href="Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a> program of selective controlled reproduction within the community devised by Noyes and implemented in 1869.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGee1891-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodhull2012273–283-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerndon1989-31">[31]</a> It was designed to create more spiritually and physically perfect children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards200447–71-32">[32]</a> Community members who wished to be parents would go before a committee to be approved and matched based on their spiritual and moral qualities. 53 women and 38 men participated in this program, which necessitated the construction of a new wing of the Oneida Community Mansion House. The experiment yielded 58 children, nine of whom were fathered by Noyes.

Once children were weaned (usually at around the age of one), they were raised communally in the Children's Wing, or South Wing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoucha2009110–114-33">[33]</a> Their parents were allowed to visit, but the children's department held jurisdiction over raising the offspring. If the department suspected a parent and child were bonding too closely, the community would enforce a period of separation because the group wanted to stop the affection between parents and children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatareseSalmon1983-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeim200959-35">[35]</a> The Children's department had a male and female supervisor to look after children between ages two and twelve. The supervisors made sure the children followed the routine. Dressing, prayers, breakfast, work, school, lunch, work, playtime, supper, prayers, and study, which were "adjusted according to 'age and ability'."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoyes1937-14">[14]</a>

Stirpiculture was the first positive eugenics experiment in the United States, although it was not recognized as such because of the religious framework from which it emerged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrince201796-36">[36]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_women">Role of women</h3></div>

Oneida embodied one of the most radical and institutional efforts to change women's roles and improve female status in 19th-century America.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster1991[httpsarchiveorgdetailswomenfamilyutopi0000fostpage91_91–102]-37">[37]</a> Women gained some freedoms in the commune that they could not get on the outside. Some of these privileges included not having to care for their own children as Oneida had a communal child care system and freedom from unwanted pregnancies with Oneida's <a href="Coitus_reservatus" title="Coitus reservatus">male continence</a> practice. In addition, they were able to wear functional, <a href="Bloomers_(clothing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomers (clothing)">Bloomer</a>-style clothing and maintain short haircuts. Women were able to participate in practically all types of community work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster1991[httpsarchiveorgdetailswomenfamilyutopi0000fostpage91_91–102]-37">[37]</a> While domestic duties remained a primarily female responsibility, women were free to explore positions in business and sales, or as artisans or craftspersons, and many did so, particularly in the late 1860s and early 1870s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKern1981260-38">[38]</a> Last, women actively shaped commune policy, participating in the daily religious and business meetings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster1991[httpsarchiveorgdetailswomenfamilyutopi0000fostpage91_91–102]-37">[37]</a>

The <a href="Group_marriage" title="Group marriage">complex marriage</a> and free love systems practiced at Oneida further acknowledged female status. Through the complex marriage arrangement, women and men had equal freedom in sexual expression and commitment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster1991[httpsarchiveorgdetailswomenfamilyutopi0000fostpage91_91–102]-37">[37]</a> Indeed, sexual practices at Oneida accepted female sexuality. A woman's right to satisfying sexual experiences was recognized, and women were encouraged to have orgasms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKern1981224,_232-39">[39]</a> However, a woman's right to refuse a sexual overture was limited depending on the status of the man who made the advance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKern1981241-40">[40]</a>

Ellen Wayland-Smith, the author of "The Status and Self-Perception of Women in the Oneida Community", said that men and women had roughly equal status in the community. She points out that while both sexes were ultimately subject to Noyes' vision and will, women did not suffer undue oppression.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWayland-Smith198849-41">[41]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interactions_with_society">Interactions with society</h2></div>

The community experienced freedom from wider society. The previously mentioned unorthodox marital, sexual, and religious practices caused them to face some criticism. However, between the community's beginning in the 1850s until the 1870s, their interactions with broader society were mostly favorable. These are the best-known instances of conflict and peace resolution.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outside_criticism">Outside criticism</h3></div>

In 1870, a "nineteenth century cultural critic" Dr. John B. Ellis wrote a book against Free Love communities that Noyes inspired, including "<a href="Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Individual Sovereigns</a>, <a href="Berlin_Heights%2C_Ohio" title="Berlin Heights, Ohio">Berlin Heights</a> Free Lovers, <a href="Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualists</a>, <a href="Women's_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Advocates of Woman Suffrage</a>, or Friends of <a href="Divorce_in_the_United_States#19th_century" title="Divorce in the United States">Free Divorce</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis187010–13-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer2001[httpsarchiveorgdetailspantaloonspowern0000fiscpage72_58]-43">[43]</a> He saw their joint goal to be ending marriage. Dr. Ellis described this as an attack on the prevailing moral order.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis187010–13-42">[42]</a> Historian Gayle Fischer mentions that Dr. Ellis also criticized Oneida women's clothing as "healthful' uniforms did not rid Oneida women of their 'peculiar air of unhealthiness' — brought on by "sexual excess."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer2001[httpsarchiveorgdetailspantaloonspowern0000fiscpage72_58]-43">[43]</a>

Noyes responded to Ellis' criticism four years later in a pamphlet, Dixon and His Copytists, where he claimed that Dr. John B. Ellis is a pseudonym for a "literary gentleman living in the upper part of the city."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoyes187137–39-44">[44]</a> Noyes argued that AMS press employed the writer after they read a Philadelphia paper article on the community and saw a chance to profit off sensationalist writing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoyes187137–39-44">[44]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tryphena_Hubbard's_legal_battle">Tryphena Hubbard's legal battle</h3></div>

In Anthony Wonderly's Oneida Utopia, he covers the 1848–1851 Hubbard affair as a moment where a legal conflict almost ended the group, which was only a mere "Association" at the time. Twenty-one-year-old Tryphena Hubbard learned Noyes' ideas about marriage and sex through his manuscript Bible Argument in 1848. She joined the community and became the group's first local convert. Tryphena Hubbard soon married Henry Seymour, a young man in the community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWonderley201772–74,_137-45">[45]</a>

Early in 1849, Tryphena's father, Noahdiah Hubbard, learned of the Association's open marriages and demanded his daughter's return. Tryphena refused, and for two years, Noahdiah "made a sulking nuisance of himself at the Mansion House."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWonderley201772–74,_137-45">[45]</a>

An 1850 criticism of Tryphena mentioned her "insubordination to the church" and "excess egotism amounting to insanity."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWonderley201772–74,_137-45">[45]</a> There was marriage before the community attempted perfectionism, and Tryphena's husband's supervision over her was increased along with the "disciplinary norms of the day, physical punishment."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWonderley201772–74,_137-45">[45]</a>

In September 1851, Tryphena began displaying signs of mental illness, "crying at night, speaking incoherently, and wandering around." Seymour went to the Hubbard family to report their daughter's insanity, and both parents were appalled by Seymour's physical violence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWonderley201772–74,_137-45">[45]</a>

On September 27, 1851, Noahdiah Hubbard lodged assault and battery charges on behalf of his daughter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoyesFoster2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidb2SnVuHWIJkCpgPAPR55_lv]-46">[46]</a> Seymour was indicted, and other community members were served arrest warrants as accessories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWonderley201772–74,_137-45">[45]</a>

The case was settled on November 26, 1851. The community agreed to Tryphena's expenses while she was in the asylum and after her release $125 a year if she was well and $200 a year if she remained unwell. The Hubbards eventually accepted a $350 settlement in lieu of long-term payments. Tryphena Hubbard eventually returned to Henry Seymour and had a child by him. She died at the age of 49 in 1877.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoyesFoster2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidb2SnVuHWIJkCpgPAPR55_lv]-46">[46]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline">Decline</h2></div>

The community lasted until John Humphrey Noyes attempted to pass leadership to his son, Theodore Noyes. This move was unsuccessful because Theodore was an <a href="Agnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnostic">agnostic</a> and lacked his father's talent for leadership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillebrand2017-47">[47]</a> The move also divided the community, as Communitarian James W. Towner attempted to wrest control for himself. Towner and a breakaway group eventually moved to California, where they convinced the government to create a new municipality for them, <a href="Orange_County%2C_California" title="Orange County, California">Orange County</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlin1979220–233-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills2019-49">[49]</a>

Within the commune, there was a debate about when children should be initiated into sex and by whom. There was also much debate about its practices as a whole. The founding members were aging or deceased, and many younger communitarians desired to enter into exclusive, traditional marriages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoach2001-50">[50]</a>

The capstone to all these pressures was the campaign by Professor John Mears of <a href="Hamilton_College_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamilton College (New York)">Hamilton College</a> against the community. He called for a protest meeting against the Oneida Community, attended by forty-seven clergy members.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1961-51">[51]</a> John Humphrey Noyes was informed by trusted adviser Myron Kinsley that a warrant for his arrest on charges of <a href="Statutory_rape" title="Statutory rape">statutory rape</a> was imminent. Noyes fled the Oneida Community Mansion House and the country in the middle of a June night in 1879, never to return to the United States. Shortly afterward, he wrote to his followers from <a href="Niagara_Falls%2C_Ontario" title="Niagara Falls, Ontario">Niagara Falls, Ontario</a>, recommending that complex marriage be abandoned.

Complex marriage was abandoned in 1879 following external pressures, and the community soon broke apart, with some of the members reorganizing as a <a href="Joint_stock_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint stock company">joint-stock company</a>. Marital partners normalized their status with the partners with whom they were cohabiting at the time of the re-organization. Over 70 Community members entered into a traditional marriage in the following year.

During the early 20th century, the new company, <a href="Oneida_Limited" title="Oneida Limited">Oneida Community Limited</a>, narrowed its focus to silverware. The animal trap business was sold in 1912, the silk business in 1916, and the canning was discontinued as unprofitable in 1915.

In 1947, embarrassed by their progenitor's legacy, Noyes' descendants burned the group's records.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2016-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWayland-Smith2016257–260-53">[53]</a>

The joint-stock corporation still exists and is a major producer of <a href="Cutlery" title="Cutlery">cutlery</a> under the brand name "Oneida Limited". In September 2004, Oneida Limited announced that it would cease all U.S. manufacturing operations at the beginning of 2005, ending a 124-year tradition. The company continues to design and market products that are manufactured overseas. The company has been selling off its manufacturing facilities. Most recently, the distribution center in <a href="Sherrill%2C_New_York" title="Sherrill, New York">Sherrill, New York</a>, was closed. Administrative offices remain in the Oneida area.

The last original member of the community, Ella Florence Underwood (1850–1950), died on June 25, 1950, in <a href="Kenwood%2C_New_York" title="Kenwood, New York">Kenwood, New York</a>, near <a href="Oneida%2C_New_York" title="Oneida, New York">Oneida, New York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_New_York_Times''1950-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''TIME''1950-55">[55]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div>

Many histories and first-person accounts of the Oneida Community have been published since the commune dissolved itself. Among those are: The Oneida Community: An Autobiography, 1851–1876<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1970-56">[56]</a> and The Oneida Community: The Breakup, 1876–1881,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1972-57">[57]</a> both by Constance Noyes Robertson; Desire and Duty at Oneida: Tirzah Miller's Intimate Memoir and Special Love/Special Sex: An Oneida Community Diary, both by Robert S. Fogarty; Without Sin by Spencer Klaw; Oneida, From Free Love Utopia to the Well-Set Table by Ellen Wayland-Smith; and biographical/autobiographic accounts by once-members including <a href="Jessie_Catherine_Kinsley" title="Jessie Catherine Kinsley">Jessie Catherine Kinsley</a>, Corinna Ackley Noyes, George Wallingford Noyes, and Pierrepont B. Noyes.

An account of the Oneida Community is found in <a href="Sarah_Vowell" title="Sarah Vowell">Sarah Vowell</a>'s book <a href="Assassination_Vacation" title="Assassination Vacation">Assassination Vacation</a>. It discusses the community in general and the more than five-year membership of <a href="Charles_J._Guiteau" title="Charles J. Guiteau">Charles J. Guiteau</a> – who later assassinated President <a href="James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> – in the community. The perfectionist community in <a href="David_Flusfeder" title="David Flusfeder">David Flusfeder</a>'s novel Pagan House (2007) is directly inspired by the Oneida Community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENess2007-58">[58]</a> There is a residential building called "Oneida" at the <a href="Twin_Oaks_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin Oaks Community">Twin Oaks Community</a> in <a href="Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>. Twin Oaks, an <a href="Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">intentional community</a>, names its buildings after defunct intentional communities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1973-59">[59]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oneida_Community_Mansion_House">Oneida Community Mansion House</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Oneida_Community_Mansion_House" title="Oneida Community Mansion House">Oneida Community Mansion House</a></div>

The Oneida Community Mansion House was listed as a <a href="National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmark</a> in 1965,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Historic_Landmarks_Program2011-60">[60]</a> and the principal surviving material culture of the Oneida Community consists of those landmarked buildings, object collections, and landscape. The five buildings of the <a href="Oneida_Community_Mansion_House" title="Oneida Community Mansion House">Mansion House</a>, separately designed by Erastus Hamilton, Lewis W. Leeds, and Theodore Skinner, comprise 93,000-square-foot (8,600 m2) on a 33-acre site. This site has been continuously occupied since the community's establishment in 1848, and the existing Mansion House has been inhabited since 1862. Today, the Oneida Community Mansion House is a non-profit educational organization chartered by the State of New York. It welcomes visitors throughout the year with guided tours, programs, and exhibits. It preserves, collects, and interprets the intangible and material culture of the Oneida Community and related themes of the 19th and 20th centuries. The Mansion House also houses residential apartments, overnight guest rooms, and meeting spaces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard2007-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedford_Citizen2020-62">[62]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian communism</a></li>

<li><a href="Eugenic_feminism" title="Eugenic feminism">Eugenic feminism</a></li>

<li><a href="Harriet_Hayes_Skinner" title="Harriet Hayes Skinner">Harriet Hayes Skinner</a></li>

<li><a href="New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New religious movement</a></li>

<li><a href="Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_American_utopian_communities" title="List of American utopian communities">List of American utopian communities</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Oneida">"Oneida"</a>. <a href="Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a>. Merriam-Webster.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChmielewski2001176–178-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChmielewski2001176–178_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChmielewski2001176–178_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFChmielewski2001">Chmielewski 2001</a>, pp. 176–178.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Harper's_Weekly''_v._22_#11311878-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Harper's_Weekly''_v._22_#11311878_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarper's_Weekly_v._22_#11311878">Harper's Weekly v. 22 #1131 1878</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Roslyn_News''1878-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_Roslyn_News''1878_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Roslyn_News1878">The Roslyn News 1878</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrewRoper2014-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrewRoper2014_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrewRoper2014">Brew & Roper 2014</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Social_Welfare_History_Project''2015-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Social_Welfare_History_Project''2015_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSocial_Welfare_History_Project2015">Social Welfare History Project 2015</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHays1999-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHays1999_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHays1999_7-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHays1999">Hays 1999</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENordhoff1875[httpshdlhandlenet2027coo1ark13960t3805nf2nurlappend3Bseq311_279]-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENordhoff1875[httpshdlhandlenet2027coo1ark13960t3805nf2nurlappend3Bseq311_279]_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNordhoff1875">Nordhoff 1875</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t3805nf2n?urlappend=%3Bseq=311">279</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKern1981-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKern1981_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKern1981">Kern 1981</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster1997-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster1997_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoster1997">Foster 1997</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoehr1979-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoehr1979_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStoehr1979">Stoehr 1979</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeMaria197883-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeMaria197883_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeMaria1978">DeMaria 1978</a>, p. 83.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaeysSargent2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidd_C4DQAAQBAJpgPA218_218]-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClaeysSargent2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidd_C4DQAAQBAJpgPA218_218]_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClaeysSargent2017">Claeys & Sargent 2017</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d_C4DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA218">218</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoyes1937-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoyes1937_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoyes1937_14-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNoyes1937">Noyes 1937</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerrickFogarty2000-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerrickFogarty2000_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHerrickFogarty2000">Herrick & Fogarty 2000</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoyesOneida_Community1876-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoyesOneida_Community1876_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNoyesOneida_Community1876">Noyes & Oneida Community 1876</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParker1935[httpshdlhandlenet2027mdp39015008678768urlappend3Bseq237_215]-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParker1935[httpshdlhandlenet2027mdp39015008678768urlappend3Bseq237_215]_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFParker1935">Parker 1935</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015008678768?urlappend=%3Bseq=237">215</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENordhoff1875[httpsarchiveorgstreamcommunisticsoci00nordpage292mode2up_292–293]-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENordhoff1875[httpsarchiveorgstreamcommunisticsoci00nordpage292mode2up_292–293]_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNordhoff1875">Nordhoff 1875</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/communisticsoci00nord#page/292/mode/2up">292–293</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandeen1971-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandeen1971_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSandeen1971">Sandeen 1971</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller1895[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller1895[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller1895">Miller 1895</a>, p. .

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoyes1872[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWjvC2hNe4uoCpgPA13_13]-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoyes1872[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidWjvC2hNe4uoCpgPA13_13]_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNoyes1872">Noyes 1872</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WjvC2hNe4uoC&pg=PA13">13</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Wormer2006-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Wormer2006_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Wormer2006_22-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Wormer2006">Van Wormer 2006</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster198618-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster198618_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster198618_23-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoster1986">Foster 1986</a>, p. 18.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster198618–19-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster198618–19_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoster1986">Foster 1986</a>, pp. 18–19.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandelker1982742–3-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandelker1982742–3_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandelker1982742–3_25-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMandelker1982">Mandelker 1982</a>, pp. 742–3.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster198617-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster198617_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoster1986">Foster 1986</a>, p. 17.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandelker1982743-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandelker1982743_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandelker1982743_27-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMandelker1982">Mandelker 1982</a>, p. 743.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster198619-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster198619_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster198619_28-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoster1986">Foster 1986</a>, p. 19.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGee1891-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGee1891_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGee1891">McGee 1891</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodhull2012273–283-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodhull2012273–283_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoodhull2012">Woodhull 2012</a>, pp. 273–283.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerndon1989-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerndon1989_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHerndon1989">Herndon 1989</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards200447–71-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards200447–71_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichards2004">Richards 2004</a>, pp. 47–71.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoucha2009110–114-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoucha2009110–114_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYoucha2009">Youcha 2009</a>, pp. 110–114.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatareseSalmon1983-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatareseSalmon1983_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatareseSalmon1983">Matarese & Salmon 1983</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeim200959-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeim200959_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeim2009">Heim 2009</a>, p. 59.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrince201796-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrince201796_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrince2017">Prince 2017</a>, p. 96.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster1991[httpsarchiveorgdetailswomenfamilyutopi0000fostpage91_91–102]-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster1991[httpsarchiveorgdetailswomenfamilyutopi0000fostpage91_91–102]_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster1991[httpsarchiveorgdetailswomenfamilyutopi0000fostpage91_91–102]_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster1991[httpsarchiveorgdetailswomenfamilyutopi0000fostpage91_91–102]_37-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster1991[httpsarchiveorgdetailswomenfamilyutopi0000fostpage91_91–102]_37-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoster1991">Foster 1991</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womenfamilyutopi0000fost/page/91">91–102</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKern1981260-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKern1981260_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKern1981">Kern 1981</a>, p. 260.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKern1981224,_232-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKern1981224,_232_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKern1981">Kern 1981</a>, pp. 224, 232.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKern1981241-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKern1981241_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKern1981">Kern 1981</a>, p. 241.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWayland-Smith198849-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWayland-Smith198849_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWayland-Smith1988">Wayland-Smith 1988</a>, p. 49.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis187010–13-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis187010–13_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllis187010–13_42-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllis1870">Ellis 1870</a>, pp. 10–13.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer2001[httpsarchiveorgdetailspantaloonspowern0000fiscpage72_58]-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer2001[httpsarchiveorgdetailspantaloonspowern0000fiscpage72_58]_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischer2001[httpsarchiveorgdetailspantaloonspowern0000fiscpage72_58]_43-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFischer2001">Fischer 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pantaloonspowern0000fisc/page/72">58</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoyes187137–39-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoyes187137–39_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoyes187137–39_44-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNoyes1871">Noyes 1871</a>, pp. 37–39.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWonderley201772–74,_137-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWonderley201772–74,_137_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWonderley201772–74,_137_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWonderley201772–74,_137_45-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWonderley201772–74,_137_45-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWonderley201772–74,_137_45-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWonderley201772–74,_137_45-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFWonderley2017">Wonderley 2017</a>, pp. 72–74, 137.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENoyesFoster2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidb2SnVuHWIJkCpgPAPR55_lv]-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoyesFoster2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidb2SnVuHWIJkCpgPAPR55_lv]_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENoyesFoster2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidb2SnVuHWIJkCpgPAPR55_lv]_46-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNoyesFoster2001">Noyes & Foster 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b2SnVuHWIJkC&pg=PAPR55">lv</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillebrand2017-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHillebrand2017_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHillebrand2017">Hillebrand 2017</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlin1979220–233-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlin1979220–233_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlin1979">Olin 1979</a>, pp. 220–233.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills2019-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWills2019_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWills2019">Wills 2019</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoach2001-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoach2001_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoach2001">Roach 2001</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWells1961-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWells1961_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWells1961">Wells 1961</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2016-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2016_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2016">Smith 2016</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWayland-Smith2016257–260-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWayland-Smith2016257–260_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWayland-Smith2016">Wayland-Smith 2016</a>, p. 257–260.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_New_York_Times''1950-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''The_New_York_Times''1950_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_New_York_Times1950">The New York Times 1950</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''TIME''1950-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''TIME''1950_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTIME1950">TIME 1950</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1970-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1970_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobertson1970">Robertson 1970</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1972-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1972_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobertson1972">Robertson 1972</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENess2007-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENess2007_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNess2007">Ness 2007</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1973-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1973_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdams1973">Adams 1973</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENational_Historic_Landmarks_Program2011-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENational_Historic_Landmarks_Program2011_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNational_Historic_Landmarks_Program2011">National Historic Landmarks Program 2011</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnard2007-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnard2007_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnard2007">Barnard 2007</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBedford_Citizen2020-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBedford_Citizen2020_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBedford_Citizen2020">Bedford Citizen 2020</a>.

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div>

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</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em">

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFAdams1973" class="citation cs2">Adams, Frank (1973), "From Walden Two to Twin Oaks", Change, 5 (4): 21–23, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00091383.1973.10568503">10.1080/00091383.1973.10568503</a>, <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-1383">0009-1383</a>, <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40161746">40161746</a>, <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5547237584">5547237584</a></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBarnard2007" class="citation web cs1">Barnard, Beth Quinn (August 3, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/03/travel/escapes/03Oneida.html">"The Utopia of Sharing in Oneida, N.Y."</a> The New York Times. Retrieved April 23, 2023.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBedford_Citizen2020" class="citation web cs1">Bedford Citizen, The (May 12, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thebedfordcitizen.org/2020/05/armchair-travel-an-intentional-community-oneida-new-york/">"Armchair Travel ~ An Intentional Community, Oneida, New York"</a>. The Bedford Citizen. Retrieved April 23, 2023.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBrewRoper2014" class="citation journal cs1">Brew, Wayne; Roper, Scott C. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pioneeramerica.org/past2014/past2014artbrewroper.html">"The Mohawk Valley: New England Extended — A Field Trip Through Landscapes of Economic and Cultural Change and Diversity"</a>. PAST. 37. Pioneer America Society: Association for the Preservation of Artifacts and Landscapes.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFClaeysSargent2017" class="citation book cs1">Claeys, Gregory; Sargent, Lyman Tower (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d_C4DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA217">The Utopia Reader</a> (Second ed.). New York: New York University Press. pp. 217–219. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781479837076</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1029507119">1029507119</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFChmielewski2001" class="citation journal cs1">Chmielewski, Wendy E. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mutualcriticism0000onei">"Review of Desire and Duty at Oneida: Tirzah Miller's Intimate Memoir"</a>. Utopian Studies. 12 (1): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mutualcriticism0000onei/page/176">176–178</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780815621690</bdi>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20718260">20718260</a>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5542766034">5542766034</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFDeMaria1978" class="citation book cs1">DeMaria, Richard (1978). Communal Love at Oneida: A Perfectionist Vision of Authority, Property and Sexual Order. New York: E. Mellen Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780889469860</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/555479267">555479267</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFEllis1870" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, John B (1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.31175001554339&view=1up&seq=11">Free love and its votaries</a>. New York, Cincinnati: United States Publishing company. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780815621690</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/868004660">868004660</a>.</cite> <code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFischer2001" class="citation book cs1">Fischer, Gayle (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pantaloonspowern0000fisc">Pantaloons and Power : a Nineteenth-Century Dress Reform in the United States</a>. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780873386821</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44541731">44541731</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFoster1997" class="citation book cs1">Foster, Lawrence (1997). "Free Love and Community: John Humphrey Noyes and the Oneida Perfectionists". In Pitzer, Donald (ed.). America's Communal Utopias. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 253–278. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781469604459</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/593295722">593295722</a>.</cite> Limited preview: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b2SnVuHWIJkC">Free Love in Utopia: John Humphrey Noyes and the Origin of the Oneida Community</a> at <a href="Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFoster1991" class="citation book cs1">Foster, Lawrence (1991). "The Oneida Community: The Psychology of Free Love; Free Love and Feminism; and The Rise and Fall of Utopia". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womenfamilyutopi0000fost">Women, Family, and Utopia : Communal Experiments of the Shakers, the Oneida Community, and the Mormons</a>. Syracuse, N.Y: Syracuse University Press. pp. 75–122. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780815625346</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1073568093">1073568093</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFoster1986" class="citation journal cs1">Foster, Lawrence (December 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mutualcriticism0000onei">"The Psychology of Free Love in the Oneida Community"</a>. Australasian Journal of American Studies. 5 (2): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mutualcriticism0000onei/page/14">14–26</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780815621690</bdi>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1838-9554">1838-9554</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41053416">41053416</a>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5545078921">5545078921</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHays1999" class="citation news cs1">Hays, Constance L. (June 20, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/06/20/business/why-the-keepers-of-oneida-don-t-care-to-share-the-table.html">"Why the Keepers of Oneida Don't Care to Share the Table"</a>. Section 3. The New York Times. p. 1.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHeim2009" class="citation thesis cs1">Heim, Katherine Anne (Fall 2009). Oneida's utopia: a religious and scientific experiment (Ma). Sacramento State Scholarworks. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10211.9%2F122">10211.9/122</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHerndon1989" class="citation web cs1">Herndon, Peter N. (January 4, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060905044850/http://www.cis.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1989/1/89.01.04.x.html#h">"Utopian Communities 1800–1890"</a>. Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cis.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1989/1/89.01.04.x.html#h">the original</a> on September 5, 2006.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHerrickFogarty2000" class="citation book cs1">Herrick, Tirzah Miller; Fogarty, Robert S. (2000). Fogarty, Robert S. (ed.). Desire and Duty at Oneida: Tirzah Miller's Intimate Memoir. Bloomington Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780253213624</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/247762494">247762494</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHillebrand2017" class="citation web cs1">Hillebrand, Randall (April 3, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyhistory.com/central/oneida.htm">"The Oneida Community"</a>. New York History Net Home Page. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200419012534/http://www.nyhistory.com/central/oneida.htm">Archived</a> from the original on April 19, 2020. Retrieved April 19, 2020.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKern1981" class="citation book cs1">Kern, Louis (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL6324023W/An_ordered_love">An Ordered Love : Sex Roles and Sexuality in Victorian Utopias—The Shakers, the Mormons, and the Oneida Community</a>. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781469620428</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/883567836">883567836</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMandelker1982" class="citation journal cs1">Mandelker, Ira L (Autumn 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mutualcriticism0000onei">"Religion, Sex, and Utopia in Nineteenth-Century America"</a>. Social Research. 49 (3). Johns Hopkins University Press: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mutualcriticism0000onei/page/730">730–751</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780815621690</bdi>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40972330">40972330</a>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5547715415">5547715415</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11630925">11630925</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMatareseSalmon1983" class="citation cs2">Matarese, Susan M; Salmon, Paul G (1983), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mutualcriticism0000onei">"Heirs to the Promised Land: The Children of Oneida"</a>, International Journal of Sociology of the Family, 13 (2): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mutualcriticism0000onei/page/35">35–43</a>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780815621690</bdi>, <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7667">0020-7667</a>, <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23027174">23027174</a>, <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5547565123">5547565123</a></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMcGee1891" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Anita_Newcomb_McGee" title="Anita Newcomb McGee">McGee, Anita Newcomb</a> (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1891.4.4.02a00050">"An Experiment in Human Stirpiculture"</a>. American Anthropologist. 4 (4). Wiley: 319–326. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1891.4.4.02a00050">10.1525/aa.1891.4.4.02a00050</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7294">0002-7294</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/658471">658471</a>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4635603735">4635603735</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFTIME1950" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,812782,00.html">"Milestones, Jul. 3, 1950"</a>. TIME. July 3, 1950. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X">0040-781X</a>. <q>Died. Ella Florence Underwood, 100, last surviving member of the Oneida Community, a financially successful communal settlement (Oneida Silver) that practiced both promiscuity within its own group and stirpiculture; of a heart attack; near Oneida, N.Y.</q></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMiller1895" class="citation book cs1">Miller, George Noyes (1895). After the Strike of a Sex; or, Zugassent's Discovery. Boston: Arena Publishing Company. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1113921856">1113921856</a>.</cite> Reprinted <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-405-05812-7</bdi></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFNational_Historic_Landmarks_Program2011" class="citation web cs1"><a href="National_Historic_Landmarks_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="National Historic Landmarks Program">National Historic Landmarks Program</a> (June 6, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606003215/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=380&ResourceType=Building">"Oneida Community Mansion House"</a>. National Historic Landmarks. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=380&ResourceType=Building">the original</a> on June 6, 2011.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFNess2007" class="citation web cs1">Ness, Patrick (July 28, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/jul/28/featuresreviews.guardianreview18">"Review: The Pagan House by David Flusfeder"</a>. the Guardian. Retrieved April 23, 2023.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFNordhoff1875" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Charles_Nordhoff_(journalist)" title="Charles Nordhoff (journalist)">Nordhoff, Charles</a> (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t3805nf2n?urlappend=%3Bseq=289">"The Oneida and Wallingford Perfectionists"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t3805nf2n">The Communistic Societies of the United States: Economic Social and Religious Utopias of the Nineteenth Century</a>. New York: Harper & Bros. pp. 259–335. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fcoo1.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft3805nf2n?urlappend=%3Bseq=289">2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t3805nf2n</a>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/679897306">679897306</a> – via HathiTrust.</cite> Reprinted <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-486-21580-8</bdi></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFNoyesFoster2001" class="citation book cs1">Noyes, George Wallingford; Foster, Lawrence (2001). Free love in utopia : John Humphrey Noyes and the origin of the Oneida Community. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780252026706</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45715841">45715841</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFNoyes1871" class="citation book cs1">Noyes, John Humphrey (1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/umn.31951001556691t?urlappend=%3Bseq=41">Dixon and his copyists : a criticism of the accounts of the Oneida Community in "New America," "Spiritual wives" and kindred publications</a>. Oneida Community. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fumn.31951001556691t?urlappend=%3Bseq=41">2027/umn.31951001556691t</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780815621690</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1019550753">1019550753</a>.</cite> <code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFNoyes1872" class="citation book cs1">Noyes, John Humphrey (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WjvC2hNe4uoC&pg=PA1">Male Continence</a>. Oneida, NY: Office of Oneida circular. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1083758969">1083758969</a>. Also <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/862943393">862943393</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/999548160">999548160</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/988173330">988173330</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFNoyesOneida_Community1876" class="citation book cs1">Noyes, John Humphrey; Oneida Community (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/mutualcriticism00noye#page/n2/mode/2up">Mutual Criticism</a>. Oneida, NY: Office of the American Socialist. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780815621690</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/758987718">758987718</a>. Retrieved April 18, 2020.</cite> <code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFNoyes1937" class="citation book cs1">Noyes, Pierrepont B (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/myfathershouse0000unse/mode/2up">My Father's House: An Oneida Boyhood</a>. New York & Toronto: Farrar & Rinehart. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/220609800">220609800</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFOlin1979" class="citation journal cs1">Olin, Spencer C. (1979). "Bible Communism and the Origins of Orange County". California History. 58 (3). University of California Press: 220–233. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25157921">10.2307/25157921</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0162-2897">0162-2897</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25157921">25157921</a>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5543863493">5543863493</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSocial_Welfare_History_Project2015" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/religious/the-oneida-community-1848-1880-a-utopian-community/">"Oneida Community (1848–1880): A Utopian Community"</a>. Social Welfare History Project. August 18, 2015. Retrieved August 29, 2020.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFParker1935" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Robert Allerton (1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mutualcriticism0000onei">A Yankee saint; John Humphrey Noyes and the Oneida community</a>. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015008678768">2027/mdp.39015008678768</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780815621690</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/16739149">16739149</a>.</cite> <code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPrince2017" class="citation journal cs1">Prince, Alexandra (February 12, 2017). "Stirpiculture: Science-Guided Human Propagation and the Oneida Community". Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science. 52 (1). Wiley: 76–99. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fzygo.12319">10.1111/zygo.12319</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0591-2385">0591-2385</a>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6953814958">6953814958</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRichards2004" class="citation journal cs1">Richards, Martin (2004). "Perfecting people: selective breeding at the Oneida Community (1869–1879) and the Eugenics Movement". New Genetics and Society. 23 (1). Informa UK Limited: 47–71. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1463677042000189615">10.1080/1463677042000189615</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1463-6778">1463-6778</a>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4659511342">4659511342</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15468508">15468508</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46379632">46379632</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRoach2001" class="citation journal cs1">Roach, Monique Patenaude (June 2001). "The Loss of Religious Allegiance Among the Youth of the Oneida Community". The Historian. 63 (4): 787–806. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.2001.tb01946.x">10.1111/j.1540-6563.2001.tb01946.x</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2370">0018-2370</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24450501">24450501</a>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/94304976">94304976</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144386208">144386208</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRobertson1972" class="citation book cs1">Robertson, Constance Noyes (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oneidacommunity00cons_0">Oneida Community the breakup, 1876-1881</a>. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780815600862</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/575871149">575871149</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRobertson1970" class="citation book cs1">Robertson, Constance Noyes (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oneidacommunitya00robe">Oneida Community; An Autobiography 1851–1876</a>. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780815600695</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/904188421">904188421</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSandeen1971" class="citation cs2">Sandeen, Ernest R (March 1971), "John Humphrey Noyes as the New Adam", Church History, 40 (1): 82–90, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3163109">10.2307/3163109</a>, <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3163109">3163109</a>, <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5792146615">5792146615</a>, <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159483298">159483298</a></cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSmith2016" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Wendy (April 29, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/books/2016/04/28/from-free-love-utopia-corporate-powerhouse/Zt4aS3UpWqbhArduzXZNlK/story.html">"From free-love utopia to corporate powerhouse in 'Oneida'"</a>. BostonGlobe.com. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFStoehr1979" class="citation book cs1">Stoehr, Taylor (1979). Free Love in America: A Documentary History. New York: AMS Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780404160340</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4667712">4667712</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWayland-Smith1988" class="citation journal cs1">Wayland-Smith, Ellen (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200929005551/https://www.communalstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/8.zip">"The Status and Self-Perception of Women in the Oneida Community"</a>. Communal Societies. 8. National Historic Communal Societies Association (NHCSA): 18–54. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780815621690</bdi>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0739-1250">0739-1250</a>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/880519344">880519344</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.communalstudies.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/8.zip">the original</a> (PDF in ZIP) on September 29, 2020. Retrieved April 4, 2020.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHarper's_Weekly_v._22_#11311878" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-L44AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA691">"The Tornado"</a>. Harper's Weekly. 22 (1131). New York: Harper's Magazine Company: 688, 691. August 31, 1878. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0360-2397">0360-2397</a>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1013715226">1013715226</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFThe_Roslyn_News1878" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nyshistoricnewspapers.org/lccn/sn95071389/1878-08-17/ed-1/seq-4/">"The Wallingford Disaster: a Village Nearly Destroyed by a Tornado, with a Frightful Loss of Life"</a>. The Roslyn News. Vol. 1, no. 20. Roslyn, NY. August 17, 1878. p. 4. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780815621690</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1001994290">1001994290</a>.</cite> <code class="cs1-code">{{cite news}}</code>: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFThe_New_York_Times1950" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1950/06/27/91106370.html">"Upstate Centenarian is Dead"</a>. The New York Times. Associated Press. June 27, 1950. p. 29.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFVan_Wormer2006" class="citation journal cs1">Van Wormer, Heather M. (2006). "The Ties That Bind: Ideology, Material Culture, and the Utopian Ideal". Historical Archaeology. 40 (1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 37–56. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf03376714">10.1007/bf03376714</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0440-9213">0440-9213</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25617315">25617315</a>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6854926448">6854926448</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151581286">151581286</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWayland-Smith2016" class="citation book cs1">Wayland-Smith, Ellen (2016). Oneida: From Free-Love Utopia to the Well-Set Table. New York: Picador. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781250043108</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/918994596">918994596</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWells1961" class="citation book cs1">Wells, Lester G. (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.syr.edu/digital/collections/o/OneidaCommunityCollectionInTheSyracuseUniversityLibrary/">The Oneida Community collection in the Syracuse University Library</a>. Syracuse University Press. Syracuse University and the Oneida Community. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780815621690</bdi>. <a href="LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/61009120">61009120</a>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/648262748">648262748</a>.</cite> <code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWills2019" class="citation web cs1">Wills, Matthew (December 12, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daily.jstor.org/oneida-community-moves-oc/">"The Oneida Community Moves to the OC"</a>. JSTOR Daily. Retrieved March 23, 2024.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWonderley2017" class="citation book cs1">Wonderley, Anthony (2017). Oneida Utopia: A Community Searching for Human Happiness and Prosperity. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781501709807</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/989726897">989726897</a>.</cite> Limited preview: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yNI6DwAAQBAJ">Oneida Utopia: A Community Searching for Human Happiness and Prosperity</a> at <a href="Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWoodhull2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Victoria_Woodhull" title="Victoria Woodhull">Woodhull, Victoria C.</a> (January 1, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/chapter/30104">"Chapter Twenty-Three: Stirpiculture; or, the Scientific Propagation of the Human Race"</a>. In Carpenter, Cari M. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/book/1513">Selected Writings of Victoria Woodhull: Suffrage, Free Love, and Eugenics</a>. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 273–283. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt1dfnrv8">10.2307/j.ctt1dfnrv8</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780803229952</bdi>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1dfnrv8">j.ctt1dfnrv8</a>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/794700538">794700538</a> – via Project MUSE.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFYoucha2009" class="citation book cs1">Youcha, Geraldine (2009). "The Oneida Community". Minding the children : child care in America from Colonial times to the present. New York: Da Capo Press. pp. 93–114. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780786739769</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/784885635">784885635</a>.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="Michael_Barkun" title="Michael Barkun">Barkun, Michael</a> (1986). Crucible of the Millennium: The Burned-Over District of New York in the 1840s. Syracuse, N.Y: Syracuse University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780815623717</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/781774661">781774661</a>.</cite> Limited preview: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TorU47NdT5UC">Crucible of the Millennium: The Burned-Over District of New York in the 1840s</a> at <a href="Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></li>

<li><cite class="citation journal cs1">Bernstein, Leonard (Summer 1953). "The Ideas of John Humphrey Noyes, Perfectionist". American Quarterly. 5 (2): 157–165. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3031316">10.2307/3031316</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0678">0003-0678</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3031316">3031316</a>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5545646830">5545646830</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation book cs1">Carden, Maren (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oneidautopiancom00card">Oneida : Utopian community to modern corporation</a>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780801810190</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/28166">28166</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation journal cs1">Foster, Lawrence (1981). "Free Love and Feminism: John Humphrey Noyes and the Oneida Community". Journal of the Early Republic. 1 (2). JSTOR: 165–183. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3123007">10.2307/3123007</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0275-1275">0275-1275</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3123007">3123007</a>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7374820925">7374820925</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation book cs1">Foster, Lawrence (1981). "That All May Be One: John Humphrey Noyes and the Origins of Oneida Community Complex Marriage". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religionsexualit0000fost">Religion and Sexuality: The Shakers, the Mormons, and the Oneida Community</a>. Urbana, IL, US: University of Illinois Press. pp. 72–122. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780252011191</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70453687">70453687</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation book cs1">Hinds, William Alfred (2004) [1908]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AmericanCommunitiesAndCo-operativeColonies/page/n173/mode/2up">"The Perfectionists and Their Communities"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AmericanCommunitiesAndCo-operativeColonies">American communities and co-operative colonies</a> (2nd ed.). Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific. pp. 152–231. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781410211521</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/609764632">609764632</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation journal cs1">Kephart, William M. (1963). "Experimental Family Organization: An Historico-Cultural Report on the Oneida Community". Marriage and Family Living. 25 (3). JSTOR: 261–271. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F349069">10.2307/349069</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0885-7059">0885-7059</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/349069">349069</a>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5548745504">5548745504</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation book cs1">Klaw, Spencer (1994) [1993]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/withoutsinlifede00klaw">Without Sin: The Life and Death of the Oneida Community</a>. New York, NY: Penguin Books. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780140239300</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31163833">31163833</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation book cs1">Koch, Daniel (2023). Land of the Oneidas: Central New York State and the Creation of America. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation journal cs1">Lowenthal, Esther (1927). "The Labor Policy of the Oneida Community Ltd". Journal of Political Economy. 35 (1). University of Chicago Press: 114–126. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F253824">10.1086/253824</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3808">0022-3808</a>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6822234521">6822234521</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153538838">153538838</a>.</cite> Also <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1821791">1821791</a></li>

<li><cite class="citation book cs1">Mandelker, Ira (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religionsocietyu00iral">Religion, society, and utopia in nineteenth-century America</a>. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780585083889</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43475558">43475558</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation journal cs1">Meyer, William B. (October 2002). "The Perfectionists and the Weather: The Oneida Community's Quest for Meteorological Utopia, 1848-1879". Environmental History. 7 (4). Oxford University Press: 589–610. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3986058">10.2307/3986058</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1084-5453">1084-5453</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3986058">3986058</a>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7025508514">7025508514</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation book cs1">Noyes, Pierrepont B. (1958). A Goodly Heritage. New York: Rinehart. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/855124">855124</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation web cs1">Olenick, Michael (January 12, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blueoceanthinking.substack.com/p/oneida-the-victorian-free-love-commune">"Oneida: The Victorian Free Love Commune that Changed the US"</a>. Blue Ocean Thinking. Retrieved April 7, 2021.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation journal cs1">Olin, Spencer C. (1980). "The Oneida Community and the Instability of Charismatic Authority". The Journal of American History. 67 (2). Oxford University Press (OUP): 285–300. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1890409">10.2307/1890409</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8723">0021-8723</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1890409">1890409</a>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5545193702">5545193702</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="Mary_P._Ryan" title="Mary P. Ryan">Ryan, Mary P.</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cradleofmiddlecl00mary">Cradle of the middle class : the family in Oneida County, New York, 1790-1865</a>. Cambridge, Eng. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780521274036</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1029047763">1029047763</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="Goldwin_Smith" title="Goldwin Smith">Smith, Goldwin</a> (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/essaysonquestion00smitrich#page/336/mode/2up">"The Oneida Community and American Socialism"</a>. Essays on questions of the day, political and social. New York and London: Macmillan. pp. 337–360. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780665137341</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/655456380">655456380</a>.</cite> <code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)</li>

<li><cite class="citation journal cs1">Spears, Timothy B (January 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mutualcriticism0000onei">"Circles of Grace: Passion and Control in the Thought of John Humphrey Noyes"</a>. New York History. 70 (1): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mutualcriticism0000onei/page/79">79–103</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780815621690</bdi>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0146-437X">0146-437X</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23178171">23178171</a>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5543224578">5543224578</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation book cs1">Spurlock, John C. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/freelovemarriage00spur">Free Love: Marriage and Middle-Class Radicalism in America, 1825-1860</a>. New York: New York University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780814778838</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1035091152">1035091152</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Robert (1977). The man who would be perfect : John Humphrey Noyes and the Utopian impulse. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.9783%2F9781512807592">10.9783/9781512807592</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781512807592</bdi>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv4s7j9r">j.ctv4s7j9r</a>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/557939559">557939559</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation journal cs1">Warfield, Benjamin Breckinridge (January 1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnhump00warf">"John Humphrey Noyes and his 'Bible Communists'"</a>. Bibliotheca Sacra. 78 (309). Oberlin, OH: Bibliotheca Sacra Company: 37–72. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780815621690</bdi>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-1921">0006-1921</a>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1046871046">1046871046</a>.</cite> <code class="cs1-code">{{cite journal}}</code>: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)</li>

<li><cite class="citation journal cs1">White, Janet R (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mutualcriticism0000onei">"Designed for Perfection: Intersections between Architecture and Social Program at the Oneida Community"</a>. Utopian Studies. 7 (2): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mutualcriticism0000onei/page/113">113–138</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780815621690</bdi>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1045-991X">1045-991X</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20719513">20719513</a>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5542761712">5542761712</a>.</cite></li></ul>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Oneida_Community" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Oneida Community">Oneida Community</a>.</div></div>

</div>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Oneida_Community" class="extiw external" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Oneida Community">Oneida Community</a>".</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Badia, Maria (September 24, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/reel/video/p08sbbn2/oneida-the-free-love-utopia-that-chased-immortality">Oneida: The 'free-love utopia' that chased immortality</a>. BBC Reel (Video). Retrieved December 13, 2020.</cite></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.syr.edu/digital/guides/o/oneida_comm.htm">Oneida Community Archives</a> at <a href="Syracuse_University" title="Syracuse University">Syracuse University</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oneidacommunity.org/">Oneida Community Mansion House</a> – a museum of the Oneida Community</li>

<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.syr.edu/digital/guides/o/OneidaCommunityCollection/hsr1.htm">"Oneida Community Mansion House: Historic Structure Report"</a>. Syracuse University Libraries. Retrieved August 30, 2020.</cite></li>

<li><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/nationalmagazine23brayrich#page/n277/mode/2up/search/Oneida">"Oneida Company, Limited"</a>. National Magazine. 23 (2). Boston: Bostonian Pub. Co.: 277–279 November 1905. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/903003942">903003942</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Oneida,_New_York95" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Oneida,_New_York95" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Oneida%2C_New_York" title="Oneida, New York">Oneida, New York</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Burned-over_district" title="Burned-over district">Burned-over district</a></li>

<li><a href="Oneida_Castle%2C_New_York" title="Oneida Castle, New York">Oneida Castle, New York</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Old_Erie_Canal_State_Historic_Park" title="Old Erie Canal State Historic Park">Old Erie Canal State Historic Park</a></li>

<li><a href="Fort_Stanwix" title="Fort Stanwix">Fort Stanwix</a></li>

<li>

<ul><li><a href="Oneida_Community_Mansion_House" title="Oneida Community Mansion House">Mansion House</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Oneida_Limited" title="Oneida Limited">Oneida Limited</a></li>

<li><a href="Oneida_Railway" title="Oneida Railway">Oneida Railway</a></li>

<li><a href="Oneida_Stirpiculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Oneida Stirpiculture">Oneida Stirpiculture</a></li>

<li><a href="Steuben_Memorial_State_Historic_Site" title="Steuben Memorial State Historic Site">Steuben Memorial State Historic Site</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Oneida_Indian_Nation" title="Oneida Indian Nation">Oneida Indian Nation</a></li>

<li><a href="Oneida_language" title="Oneida language">Oneida language</a></li>

<li><a href="Oneida_Nation_of_the_Thames" title="Oneida Nation of the Thames">Oneida Nation of the Thames</a></li>

<li><a href="Oneida_Nation_of_Wisconsin" title="Oneida Nation of Wisconsin">Oneida Nation of Wisconsin</a></li>

<li>Oneida people</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Higher education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Clinton_Liberal_Institute" title="Clinton Liberal Institute">Clinton Liberal Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="Hamilton_College" title="Hamilton College">Hamilton College</a></li>

<li><a href="Kirkland_College" title="Kirkland College">Kirkland College</a></li>

<li><a href="Mohawk_Valley_Community_College" title="Mohawk Valley Community College">Mohawk Valley Community College</a></li>

<li><a href="Oneida_Institute" title="Oneida Institute">Oneida Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="SUNY_Polytechnic_Institute" title="SUNY Polytechnic Institute">SUNY Polytechnic Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="Utica_University" title="Utica University">Utica University</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Marcy_Correctional_Facility" title="Marcy Correctional Facility">Marcy Correctional Facility</a></li>

<li><a href="Mid-State_Correctional_Facility" title="Mid-State Correctional Facility">Mid-State Correctional Facility</a></li>

<li><a href="Mohawk_Correctional_Facility" title="Mohawk Correctional Facility">Mohawk Correctional Facility</a></li>

<li><a href="Utica_Psychiatric_Center" title="Utica Psychiatric Center">Utica Psychiatric Center</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Oneida_Armory" title="Oneida Armory">Oneida Armory</a></li>

<li><a href="Oneida_Carry" title="Oneida Carry">Oneida Carry</a></li>

<li><a href="Oneida_Creek" title="Oneida Creek">Oneida Creek</a></li>

<li><a href="Oneida_Lake" title="Oneida Lake">Oneida Lake</a>

<ul><li><a href="Oneida_Lake_Congregational_Church" title="Oneida Lake Congregational Church">Congregational Church</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Turning_Stone_Resort_Casino" title="Turning Stone Resort Casino">Turning Stone Resort Casino</a></li>

<li><a href="Utica-Rome_Speedway" title="Utica-Rome Speedway">Utica-Rome Speedway</a></li>

<li><a href="Vernon_Downs" title="Vernon Downs">Vernon Downs</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1896863#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata887" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1896863#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata887" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000101245593">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/150693694">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79046409">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007465464605171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027608670">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/group/9e2e9469-38db-4c06-828a-81becc535474">Yale LUX</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">

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</style><a class="external text" href="geo:43.06035555555555,-75.60517499999999">43°3′37.28″N 75°36′18.63″W / 43.0603556°N 75.6051750°W / 43.0603556; -75.6051750</a></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-06-20" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Oneida_Community&oldid=1296471377">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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